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Horse behavior is best understood from the view that horses are prey animals with a well-developed fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to a threat is often to flee, although sometimes they stand their ground and defend themselves or their offspring in cases where flight is untenable, such as when a foal would be threatened. Nonetheless, because their physiology is also suited to a number of work- and entertainment-related tasks, humans domesticated horses thousands of years ago, and they have served humans ever since. Through selective breeding, some breeds of horses have been bred to be quite docile, particularly certain large draft horses. On the other hand, most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; building on natural qualities that extended from their wild ancestors. The instincts of horses can be used to human advantage to create a bond between human and horse. These techniques vary, but are part of the art of horse training. ==The "Fight-or-Flight" response== Horses evolved from small mammals whose survival depended on their ability to flee from predators.〔McCall C.A. (2006), Understanding your horses’ behaviour, Alabama Co-operative Extension System, Alabama, viewed 21/10/13, http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1305/index2.tmpl〕 This survival mechanism still exists in the modern domestic horse. Humans have removed many predators from the life of the domestic horse; however, its first instinct when frightened is to escape. If running is not possible, the horse resorts to biting, kicking, striking or rearing to protect itself. Many of the horse’s natural behavior patterns, such as herd-formation and social facilitation of activities, are directly related to their being a prey species.〔Greene B and Comerford P, 2009, Horse Fight vs Flight instinct, Extension.org, viewed 23/10/13, http://www.extension.org/pages/23342/horse-fight-vs-flight-instinct#.Umeyr_mnpLY〕 The fight-or-flight response involves nervous impulses which result in hormone secretions into the bloodstream. When a horse reacts to a threat, it may initially ‘freeze’ in preparation to take flight.〔Hood R, 2001, The 5 F’s –Flight, Fight, Freeze, Fidget, Faint, TEAMM Connections, vol 3 (no issue given), viewed 22/10/13, http://www.tellingtonttouch.com/Print/5fs.htm〕 The fight-or-flight reaction begins in the amygdala which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH. The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously and releases the neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure, blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system.〔Kilby E, 1997, Glands at a Glance – The horses’ endocrine system, EQUUS Magazine, Cruz Bay Publishing, viewed 24/10/13, http://www.equisearch.com/horses_care/health/anatomy/endocrinesystem_062907/3/〕〔University of Utah, 2002, How cells communicate during the flight or fight response, University of Utah Press, Utah, viewed 23/10/13, http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/fight_flight/〕 Catecholamine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action. The result is a rapid rise in blood pressure, resulting in an increased supply of oxygen and glucose for energy to the brain and skeletal muscles,〔Burton F, 1999, ‘Chapter 7: The Horses’ World’, Ultimate Horse Care, Ringpress books UK, viewed 22/10/13, http://www.gla.ac.uk/external/EBF/uhcc7.html〕 the most vital organs the horse needs when fleeing from a perceived threat. However, the increased supply of oxygen and glucose to these areas is at the expense of ‘non-essential’ flight organs, such as the skin and abdominal organs.〔 Once the horse has removed itself from immediate danger, the body then returns to more 'normal' conditions by the parasympathetic nervous system.〔Equine Education Connection, 2008, Equine Nervous System, Equine Education Connection, viewed 23/10/13, http://www.eec-equine-therapy.com/Nervous-System.html〕 This is triggered by the release of endorphins into the brain,〔 and it effectively reverses the effects of noradrenaline – metabolic rate, blood pressure and heart rate all decrease〔Butcher-Gray M, 2011, Horse Brain Discussion: Part II, NickerNews.net, viewed 22/10/13, http://www.nickernews.net/horse-brain-two.aspx#.Ume62PmnpLY〕 and the increased oxygen and glucose being supplied to the muscles and brain are returned to normal.〔 This is also known as the ‘rest and digest’ state.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Horse behavior」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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